Host-induced aneuploidy and phenotypic diversification in the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum.
Identifieur interne : 000C09 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000C08; suivant : 000C10Host-induced aneuploidy and phenotypic diversification in the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum.
Auteurs : Takao Kasuga [États-Unis] ; Mai Bui [États-Unis] ; Elizabeth Bernhardt [États-Unis] ; Tedmund Swiecki [États-Unis] ; Kamyar Aram [États-Unis] ; Liliana M. Cano [États-Unis] ; Joan Webber [Royaume-Uni] ; Clive Brasier [Royaume-Uni] ; Caroline Press [États-Unis] ; Niklaus J. Grünwald [États-Unis] ; David M. Rizzo [États-Unis] ; Matteo Garbelotto [États-Unis]Source :
- BMC genomics [ 1471-2164 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes (MeSH), Aneuploïdie (MeSH), Californie (MeSH), Duplication de gène (MeSH), Génotype (MeSH), Liaison génétique (MeSH), Maladies des plantes (microbiologie), Perte d'hétérozygotie (MeSH), Phytophthora (génétique), Phénotype (MeSH), Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple (MeSH), Quercus (microbiologie), Transcriptome (MeSH), Variations de nombre de copies de segment d'ADN (MeSH), Éléments transposables d'ADN (MeSH).
- MESH :
- génétique : Phytophthora.
- microbiologie : Maladies des plantes, Quercus.
- Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes, Aneuploïdie, Californie, Duplication de gène, Génotype, Liaison génétique, Perte d'hétérozygotie, Phénotype, Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple, Transcriptome, Variations de nombre de copies de segment d'ADN, Éléments transposables d'ADN.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Aneuploidy (MeSH), California (MeSH), DNA Copy Number Variations (MeSH), DNA Transposable Elements (MeSH), Gene Duplication (MeSH), Gene Expression Profiling (MeSH), Genetic Linkage (MeSH), Genotype (MeSH), Loss of Heterozygosity (MeSH), Phenotype (MeSH), Phytophthora (genetics), Plant Diseases (microbiology), Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide (MeSH), Quercus (microbiology), Transcriptome (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical : DNA Transposable Elements.
- genetics : Phytophthora.
- microbiology : Plant Diseases, Quercus.
- Aneuploidy, California, DNA Copy Number Variations, Gene Duplication, Gene Expression Profiling, Genetic Linkage, Genotype, Loss of Heterozygosity, Phenotype, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Transcriptome.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Aneuploidy can result in significant phenotypic changes, which can sometimes be selectively advantageous. For example, aneuploidy confers resistance to antifungal drugs in human pathogenic fungi. Aneuploidy has also been observed in invasive fungal and oomycete plant pathogens in the field. Environments conducive to the generation of aneuploids, the underlying genetic mechanisms, and the contribution of aneuploidy to invasiveness are underexplored. We studied phenotypic diversification and associated genome changes in Phytophthora ramorum, a highly destructive oomycete pathogen with a wide host-range that causes Sudden Oak Death in western North America and Sudden Larch Death in the UK. Introduced populations of the pathogen are exclusively clonal. In California, oak (Quercus spp.) isolates obtained from trunk cankers frequently exhibit host-dependent, atypical phenotypes called non-wild type (nwt), apparently without any host-associated population differentiation. Based on a large survey of genotypes from different hosts, we previously hypothesized that the environment in oak cankers may be responsible for the observed phenotypic diversification in P. ramorum.
RESULTS
We show that both normal wild type (wt) and nwt phenotypes were obtained when wt P. ramorum isolates from the foliar host California bay (Umbellularia californica) were re-isolated from cankers of artificially-inoculated canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis). We also found comparable nwt phenotypes in P. ramorum isolates from a bark canker of Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) in the UK; previously nwt was not known to occur in this pathogen population. High-throughput sequencing-based analyses identified major genomic alterations including partial aneuploidy and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity predominantly in nwt isolates. Chromosomal breakpoints were located at or near transposons.
CONCLUSION
This work demonstrates that major genome alterations of a pathogen can be induced by its host species. This is an undocumented type of plant-microbe interaction, and its contribution to pathogen evolution is yet to be investigated, but one of the potential collateral effects of nwt phenotypes may be host survival.
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2717-z
PubMed: 27206972
PubMed Central: PMC4875591
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Host-induced aneuploidy and phenotypic diversification in the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum.</title><author><name sortKey="Kasuga, Takao" sort="Kasuga, Takao" uniqKey="Kasuga T" first="Takao" last="Kasuga">Takao Kasuga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California, 95616, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California, 95616</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95616</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bui, Mai" sort="Bui, Mai" uniqKey="Bui M" first="Mai" last="Bui">Mai Bui</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California, 95616, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California, 95616</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95616</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernhardt, Elizabeth" sort="Bernhardt, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Bernhardt E" first="Elizabeth" last="Bernhardt">Elizabeth Bernhardt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Phytosphere Research, Vacaville, California, 95687, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Phytosphere Research, Vacaville, California, 95687</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95687</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swiecki, Tedmund" sort="Swiecki, Tedmund" uniqKey="Swiecki T" first="Tedmund" last="Swiecki">Tedmund Swiecki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Phytosphere Research, Vacaville, California, 95687, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Phytosphere Research, Vacaville, California, 95687</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95687</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aram, Kamyar" sort="Aram, Kamyar" uniqKey="Aram K" first="Kamyar" last="Aram">Kamyar Aram</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95616</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, Liliana M" sort="Cano, Liliana M" uniqKey="Cano L" first="Liliana M" last="Cano">Liliana M. Cano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34945, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34945</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34945</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Webber, Joan" sort="Webber, Joan" uniqKey="Webber J" first="Joan" last="Webber">Joan Webber</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>GU10 4LH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brasier, Clive" sort="Brasier, Clive" uniqKey="Brasier C" first="Clive" last="Brasier">Clive Brasier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>GU10 4LH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Press, Caroline" sort="Press, Caroline" uniqKey="Press C" first="Caroline" last="Press">Caroline Press</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>97330</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grunwald, Niklaus J" sort="Grunwald, Niklaus J" uniqKey="Grunwald N" first="Niklaus J" last="Grünwald">Niklaus J. Grünwald</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>97330</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rizzo, David M" sort="Rizzo, David M" uniqKey="Rizzo D" first="David M" last="Rizzo">David M. Rizzo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95616</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garbelotto, Matteo" sort="Garbelotto, Matteo" uniqKey="Garbelotto M" first="Matteo" last="Garbelotto">Matteo Garbelotto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 947020, USA. matteog@berkeley.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 947020</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>947020</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:27206972</idno><idno type="pmid">27206972</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12864-016-2717-z</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC4875591</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000C02</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000C02</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000C02</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000C02</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000C02</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Host-induced aneuploidy and phenotypic diversification in the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum.</title><author><name sortKey="Kasuga, Takao" sort="Kasuga, Takao" uniqKey="Kasuga T" first="Takao" last="Kasuga">Takao Kasuga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California, 95616, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California, 95616</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95616</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bui, Mai" sort="Bui, Mai" uniqKey="Bui M" first="Mai" last="Bui">Mai Bui</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California, 95616, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California, 95616</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95616</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernhardt, Elizabeth" sort="Bernhardt, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Bernhardt E" first="Elizabeth" last="Bernhardt">Elizabeth Bernhardt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Phytosphere Research, Vacaville, California, 95687, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Phytosphere Research, Vacaville, California, 95687</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95687</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swiecki, Tedmund" sort="Swiecki, Tedmund" uniqKey="Swiecki T" first="Tedmund" last="Swiecki">Tedmund Swiecki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Phytosphere Research, Vacaville, California, 95687, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Phytosphere Research, Vacaville, California, 95687</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95687</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aram, Kamyar" sort="Aram, Kamyar" uniqKey="Aram K" first="Kamyar" last="Aram">Kamyar Aram</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95616</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, Liliana M" sort="Cano, Liliana M" uniqKey="Cano L" first="Liliana M" last="Cano">Liliana M. Cano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34945, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34945</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34945</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Webber, Joan" sort="Webber, Joan" uniqKey="Webber J" first="Joan" last="Webber">Joan Webber</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>GU10 4LH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brasier, Clive" sort="Brasier, Clive" uniqKey="Brasier C" first="Clive" last="Brasier">Clive Brasier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>GU10 4LH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Press, Caroline" sort="Press, Caroline" uniqKey="Press C" first="Caroline" last="Press">Caroline Press</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>97330</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grunwald, Niklaus J" sort="Grunwald, Niklaus J" uniqKey="Grunwald N" first="Niklaus J" last="Grünwald">Niklaus J. Grünwald</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>97330</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rizzo, David M" sort="Rizzo, David M" uniqKey="Rizzo D" first="David M" last="Rizzo">David M. Rizzo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>95616</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garbelotto, Matteo" sort="Garbelotto, Matteo" uniqKey="Garbelotto M" first="Matteo" last="Garbelotto">Matteo Garbelotto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 947020, USA. matteog@berkeley.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 947020</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>947020</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC genomics</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2164</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aneuploidy (MeSH)</term><term>California (MeSH)</term><term>DNA Copy Number Variations (MeSH)</term><term>DNA Transposable Elements (MeSH)</term><term>Gene Duplication (MeSH)</term><term>Gene Expression Profiling (MeSH)</term><term>Genetic Linkage (MeSH)</term><term>Genotype (MeSH)</term><term>Loss of Heterozygosity (MeSH)</term><term>Phenotype (MeSH)</term><term>Phytophthora (genetics)</term><term>Plant Diseases (microbiology)</term><term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide (MeSH)</term><term>Quercus (microbiology)</term><term>Transcriptome (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes (MeSH)</term><term>Aneuploïdie (MeSH)</term><term>Californie (MeSH)</term><term>Duplication de gène (MeSH)</term><term>Génotype (MeSH)</term><term>Liaison génétique (MeSH)</term><term>Maladies des plantes (microbiologie)</term><term>Perte d'hétérozygotie (MeSH)</term><term>Phytophthora (génétique)</term><term>Phénotype (MeSH)</term><term>Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple (MeSH)</term><term>Quercus (microbiologie)</term><term>Transcriptome (MeSH)</term><term>Variations de nombre de copies de segment d'ADN (MeSH)</term><term>Éléments transposables d'ADN (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>DNA Transposable Elements</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Phytophthora</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Phytophthora</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Maladies des plantes</term><term>Quercus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Plant Diseases</term><term>Quercus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aneuploidy</term><term>California</term><term>DNA Copy Number Variations</term><term>Gene Duplication</term><term>Gene Expression Profiling</term><term>Genetic Linkage</term><term>Genotype</term><term>Loss of Heterozygosity</term><term>Phenotype</term><term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</term><term>Transcriptome</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes</term><term>Aneuploïdie</term><term>Californie</term><term>Duplication de gène</term><term>Génotype</term><term>Liaison génétique</term><term>Perte d'hétérozygotie</term><term>Phénotype</term><term>Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple</term><term>Transcriptome</term><term>Variations de nombre de copies de segment d'ADN</term><term>Éléments transposables d'ADN</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Aneuploidy can result in significant phenotypic changes, which can sometimes be selectively advantageous. For example, aneuploidy confers resistance to antifungal drugs in human pathogenic fungi. Aneuploidy has also been observed in invasive fungal and oomycete plant pathogens in the field. Environments conducive to the generation of aneuploids, the underlying genetic mechanisms, and the contribution of aneuploidy to invasiveness are underexplored. We studied phenotypic diversification and associated genome changes in Phytophthora ramorum, a highly destructive oomycete pathogen with a wide host-range that causes Sudden Oak Death in western North America and Sudden Larch Death in the UK. Introduced populations of the pathogen are exclusively clonal. In California, oak (Quercus spp.) isolates obtained from trunk cankers frequently exhibit host-dependent, atypical phenotypes called non-wild type (nwt), apparently without any host-associated population differentiation. Based on a large survey of genotypes from different hosts, we previously hypothesized that the environment in oak cankers may be responsible for the observed phenotypic diversification in P. ramorum.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>We show that both normal wild type (wt) and nwt phenotypes were obtained when wt P. ramorum isolates from the foliar host California bay (Umbellularia californica) were re-isolated from cankers of artificially-inoculated canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis). We also found comparable nwt phenotypes in P. ramorum isolates from a bark canker of Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) in the UK; previously nwt was not known to occur in this pathogen population. High-throughput sequencing-based analyses identified major genomic alterations including partial aneuploidy and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity predominantly in nwt isolates. Chromosomal breakpoints were located at or near transposons.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSION</b></p><p>This work demonstrates that major genome alterations of a pathogen can be induced by its host species. This is an undocumented type of plant-microbe interaction, and its contribution to pathogen evolution is yet to be investigated, but one of the potential collateral effects of nwt phenotypes may be host survival.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27206972</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>11</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2018</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>13</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1471-2164</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>17</Volume><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>20</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>BMC genomics</Title><ISOAbbreviation>BMC Genomics</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Host-induced aneuploidy and phenotypic diversification in the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>385</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1186/s12864-016-2717-z</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND">Aneuploidy can result in significant phenotypic changes, which can sometimes be selectively advantageous. For example, aneuploidy confers resistance to antifungal drugs in human pathogenic fungi. Aneuploidy has also been observed in invasive fungal and oomycete plant pathogens in the field. Environments conducive to the generation of aneuploids, the underlying genetic mechanisms, and the contribution of aneuploidy to invasiveness are underexplored. We studied phenotypic diversification and associated genome changes in Phytophthora ramorum, a highly destructive oomycete pathogen with a wide host-range that causes Sudden Oak Death in western North America and Sudden Larch Death in the UK. Introduced populations of the pathogen are exclusively clonal. In California, oak (Quercus spp.) isolates obtained from trunk cankers frequently exhibit host-dependent, atypical phenotypes called non-wild type (nwt), apparently without any host-associated population differentiation. Based on a large survey of genotypes from different hosts, we previously hypothesized that the environment in oak cankers may be responsible for the observed phenotypic diversification in P. ramorum.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">We show that both normal wild type (wt) and nwt phenotypes were obtained when wt P. ramorum isolates from the foliar host California bay (Umbellularia californica) were re-isolated from cankers of artificially-inoculated canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis). We also found comparable nwt phenotypes in P. ramorum isolates from a bark canker of Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) in the UK; previously nwt was not known to occur in this pathogen population. High-throughput sequencing-based analyses identified major genomic alterations including partial aneuploidy and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity predominantly in nwt isolates. Chromosomal breakpoints were located at or near transposons.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION">This work demonstrates that major genome alterations of a pathogen can be induced by its host species. This is an undocumented type of plant-microbe interaction, and its contribution to pathogen evolution is yet to be investigated, but one of the potential collateral effects of nwt phenotypes may be host survival.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kasuga</LastName><ForeName>Takao</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California, 95616, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bui</LastName><ForeName>Mai</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California, 95616, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bernhardt</LastName><ForeName>Elizabeth</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Phytosphere Research, Vacaville, California, 95687, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Swiecki</LastName><ForeName>Tedmund</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Phytosphere Research, Vacaville, California, 95687, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aram</LastName><ForeName>Kamyar</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cano</LastName><ForeName>Liliana M</ForeName><Initials>LM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34945, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Webber</LastName><ForeName>Joan</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brasier</LastName><ForeName>Clive</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Press</LastName><ForeName>Caroline</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Grünwald</LastName><ForeName>Niklaus J</ForeName><Initials>NJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rizzo</LastName><ForeName>David M</ForeName><Initials>DM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Garbelotto</LastName><ForeName>Matteo</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 947020, USA. matteog@berkeley.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>20</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>BMC Genomics</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>100965258</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1471-2164</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D004251">DNA Transposable Elements</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000782" MajorTopicYN="Y">Aneuploidy</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002140" MajorTopicYN="N">California</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D056915" MajorTopicYN="N">DNA Copy Number Variations</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004251" MajorTopicYN="N">DNA Transposable Elements</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020440" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Duplication</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020869" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Expression Profiling</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008040" MajorTopicYN="N">Genetic Linkage</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005838" MajorTopicYN="N">Genotype</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019656" MajorTopicYN="N">Loss of Heterozygosity</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010641" MajorTopicYN="Y">Phenotype</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010838" MajorTopicYN="N">Phytophthora</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010935" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Diseases</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="N">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020641" MajorTopicYN="N">Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D029963" MajorTopicYN="N">Quercus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="N">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D059467" MajorTopicYN="N">Transcriptome</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Aneuploidy</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Invasive pathogens</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Loss of heterozygosity</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Transposable elements</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2016</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>11</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>28</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>22</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>22</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>12</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">27206972</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1186/s12864-016-2717-z</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">10.1186/s12864-016-2717-z</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC4875591</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Annu Rev Genet. 2007;41:169-92</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">17608616</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mol Plant Pathol. 2008 Nov;9(6):729-40</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">19019002</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>PLoS Pathog. 2010 Apr;6(4):e1000848</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">20368972</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Science. 2006 Sep 1;313(5791):1261-6</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">16946064</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Genetics. 2008 Jun;179(2):737-46</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">18558649</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Dec;86(23):9451-5</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">2556713</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cell. 2007 Feb 23;128(4):655-68</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">17320504</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Bioinformatics. 2011 Nov 1;27(21):2987-93</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">21903627</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(3):e1002555</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">22396644</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nat Genet. 2001 Dec;29(4):365-71</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">11726920</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Virol. 1996 Apr;70(4):2324-31</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8642659</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Trends Genet. 2011 Nov;27(11):446-53</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">21872963</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2012 Oct;25(10):1350-60</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">22712506</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):367-70</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">16857942</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nature. 1969 Aug 9;223(5206):636-8</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">5306374</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nat Prod Commun. 2012 Oct;7(10):1383-6</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">23157017</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Fungal Genet Biol. 1999 Apr;26(3):198-208</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">10361034</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>PLoS Genet. 2013;9(8):e1003703</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">23966879</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Brief Bioinform. 2013 Mar;14(2):178-92</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">22517427</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Biosci. 2010 Mar;35(1):119-26</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">20413916</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Bioinformatics. 2009 Aug 15;25(16):2078-9</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">19505943</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mol Ecol. 2006 May;15(6):1493-505</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">16629806</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Fungal Genet Biol. 2011 May;48(5):537-43</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">21272658</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Evolution. 2008 Feb;62(2):361-73</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">18070083</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mol Biol Cell. 2013 May;24(9):1274-89</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">23468524</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>PLoS Genet. 2013 Apr;9(4):e1003434</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">23593029</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nature. 2010 Aug 12;466(7308):824-5</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">20703294</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nature. 1975 Jun 26;255(5511):704-5</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">1134565</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Nov 15;108(46):E1128-36</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">22065754</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mol Gen Genet. 1989 Oct;219(1-2):299-305</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">2559315</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Fungal Biol. 2012 Nov;116(11):1178-91</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">23153808</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nat Commun. 2014;5:3819</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">24804896</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Biol Chem. 2009 Aug 14;284(33):22166-72</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">19546211</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Virol. 1999 Nov;73(11):9619-24</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">10516073</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cytometry A. 2010 Aug;77(8):769-75</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">20222066</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Trends Parasitol. 2012 Sep;28(9):370-6</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">22789456</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Phytopathology. 2005 May;95(5):587-96</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">18943326</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nature. 2015 Mar 19;519(7543):349-52</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">25731168</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jan 29;110(5):1785-90</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">23307812</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nature. 2000 May 11;405(6783):134-5</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">10821256</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1991 Nov-Dec;4(6):602-7</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">1804404</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e47768</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">23185243</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e34728</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">22529930</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(11):e1003022</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">23166494</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Bioinformatics. 2009 Jul 15;25(14):1754-60</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">19451168</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>DNA Repair (Amst). 2006 Sep 8;5(9-10):1126-35</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">16807141</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Phytopathology. 2009 Jul;99(7):792-5</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">19522576</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cell. 2008 Nov 28;135(5):879-93</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">19041751</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mol Ecol. 2009 Mar;18(6):1161-74</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">19222751</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012 Dec;1822(12):1921-30</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">22771499</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>BMC Genomics. 2012;13:303</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">22768977</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Biostatistics. 2003 Apr;4(2):249-64</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">12925520</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kasuga, Takao" sort="Kasuga, Takao" uniqKey="Kasuga T" first="Takao" last="Kasuga">Takao Kasuga</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Aram, Kamyar" sort="Aram, Kamyar" uniqKey="Aram K" first="Kamyar" last="Aram">Kamyar Aram</name><name sortKey="Bernhardt, Elizabeth" sort="Bernhardt, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Bernhardt E" first="Elizabeth" last="Bernhardt">Elizabeth Bernhardt</name><name sortKey="Bui, Mai" sort="Bui, Mai" uniqKey="Bui M" first="Mai" last="Bui">Mai Bui</name><name sortKey="Cano, Liliana M" sort="Cano, Liliana M" uniqKey="Cano L" first="Liliana M" last="Cano">Liliana M. Cano</name><name sortKey="Garbelotto, Matteo" sort="Garbelotto, Matteo" uniqKey="Garbelotto M" first="Matteo" last="Garbelotto">Matteo Garbelotto</name><name sortKey="Grunwald, Niklaus J" sort="Grunwald, Niklaus J" uniqKey="Grunwald N" first="Niklaus J" last="Grünwald">Niklaus J. Grünwald</name><name sortKey="Press, Caroline" sort="Press, Caroline" uniqKey="Press C" first="Caroline" last="Press">Caroline Press</name><name sortKey="Rizzo, David M" sort="Rizzo, David M" uniqKey="Rizzo D" first="David M" last="Rizzo">David M. Rizzo</name><name sortKey="Swiecki, Tedmund" sort="Swiecki, Tedmund" uniqKey="Swiecki T" first="Tedmund" last="Swiecki">Tedmund Swiecki</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Webber, Joan" sort="Webber, Joan" uniqKey="Webber J" first="Joan" last="Webber">Joan Webber</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Brasier, Clive" sort="Brasier, Clive" uniqKey="Brasier C" first="Clive" last="Brasier">Clive Brasier</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Bois/explor/PhytophthoraV1/Data/Main/Exploration
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000C09 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 000C09 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Bois
|area= PhytophthoraV1
|flux= Main
|étape= Exploration
|type= RBID
|clé= pubmed:27206972
|texte= Host-induced aneuploidy and phenotypic diversification in the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum.
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:27206972" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a PhytophthoraV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.38. |  |